Explaining Relative Clauses in Latin

Relative clauses in Latin refer to clauses introduced by relative pronouns or relative adverbs. The relative clause construction includes a main or independent clause modified by its dependent of subordinate clause. It is the subordinate clause that holds the relative pronoun or relative adverb giving its name to this type of clause. The subordinate clause usually also contains a finite verb. Latin uses relative clauses where you might sometimes find a participle or a simple appositive in English. pontem qui erat ad Genavamthe bridge (which was) at GenevaCaesar .7.2 Antecedents... or Not Relative clauses modify the noun or pronoun of the main clause. The noun in the main clause is referred to as the antecedent. This is true even when the antecedent comes after the relative pronoun.This antecedent noun can even appear within the relative clause.Finally, an antecedent that is an in indefinite may not appear at all. ut quae bello ceperint quibus vendant habeantthat they may have (people) to whom to sell what they take in warCaesar De Bello Gallico 4.2.1 Markers of the Relative Clause The relative pronouns are normally: Qui, Quae, Quod orquicumque, quecumque, and quodcumque) orquisquid, quidquid. quidquid id est, timeÃ…  DanaÃ… s et dÃ… na ferentÄ“swhatever it is, I fear the Greeks even when they offer gifts.Vergil .49 These relative pronouns agree in gender, person (if relevant), and number with the antecedent (the noun in the main clause that is modified in the relative clause), but its case is usually determined by the construction of the dependent clause, although occasionally, it comes from its antecedent. Here are three examples from Bennetts New Latin Grammar. The first two show the relative pronoun taking its case from the construction and the third shows it taking it from either the construction or the antecedent, but its number comes from an unspecified term in the antecedent: mulier quam vidÄ“bÄ musthe woman whom we sawbona quibus fruimusthe blessings which we enjoypars quÄ « bÄ“stiÄ «s objectÄ « sunta part (of the men) who were thrown to beasts. Harkness notes that in poetry sometimes the antecedent can take the case of the relative and even be incorporated into the relative clause, where the relative agrees with the antecedent. An example he gives comes from Vergil: Urbem, quam statuo, vestra estThe city, which I am building is yours..573 The relative adverbs are normally: ubi, unde, quo, orqua. nihil erat quo famem tolerarentthere was no means by which they could relieve their starvationCaesar .28.3 Latin uses the adverbs more than in English. Thus instead of the man from whom you heard it, Cicero says the man whence you heard it: is unde te audisse dicisCicero De Oratore. 2.70.28 Relative Clause vs. Indirect Question Sometimes these two constructions are indistinguishable. Sometimes it makes no difference; other times, it changes the meaning. Relative Clause: effugere nÄ“mÃ…  id potest quod futÃ… «rum estno one can escape what is destined to come to passIndirect Question: saepe autem ne Ã… «tile quidem est scÄ «re quid futÃ… «rum sitbut often it is not even useful to know what is coming to pass. Sources Baldi, Philip. Complex Sentences, Grammaticalization, Typology. Walter de Gruyter, 2011.Brà ¤unlich, A. F. The Confusion of the Indirect Question and the Relative Clause in Latin. Classical Philology 13.1 (1918).  60–74.Carver. Katherine E. Straightening out the Latin Sentence. The Classical Journal 37.3 (1941). 129-137.Greenough, J.B. G.L. Kitteredge, A.A. Howard, and Benjamin L. D’Ooge (eds). Allen and Greenough’s New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges. Boston: Ginn Co., 1903.  Hale, William Gardner Hale, and Carl Darling Buck. A Latin Grammar. Boston: Atheneum Press, 1903.  Harkness, Albert. A Complete Latin Grammar. New York: American Book Company, 1898.

Nighteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell - 1970 Words

Throughout George Orwell’s novel Nineteen Eight-Four, the main character, Winston Smith, is shown as a rebellious Party member who often shows his lack of concern of others. Winston’s attitude towards others is emotionless and loveless. Even his wife whom he had been married to for eleven years, he describes as that â€Å"he was capable of forgetting that he had ever been married† (Orwell 67). Also, Syme, Winston’s friend, disappears and Winston shows no sign of sadness or concern. Even towards Winston’s secret lover, whom he had secretly broken Party laws with and shared a sexual relationship, he states that â€Å"he felt love no for her† (Orwell 229). Many of his thoughts could be because of the government’s total control of the country and its people. However, Winston constantly rejects the ideas of the government. There is only one character that Winston seems to never get enough of, O’Brien. Winston is seen constantly bei ng fixated on O’Brien. Winston dreams of and admires O’Brien and is described as being â€Å"deeply drawn to him† (Orwell 11). Oddly enough, besides O’Brien, Winston is not close with any other male. Winston mentions his mother and even thinks he finds her while being held captive; however, Winston never mentions a father. This lack of male guidance that Winston receives opens himself not only to be star struck by O’Brien but also opens up the ability for the totalitarian regime to conquer his mind. Writer of Nineteen Eighty- Four, George Orwell, lived until he wasShow MoreRelatedNighteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell710 Words   |  3 PagesWiston was member of the ruling Party in London, i the nation of Oceania. Everywhere he goes he is being watched through television screens, by the Party. The Party controlled everything in Oceania, including the language. The party was forcing a language called â€Å"Newspeak† which was used to prevent political rebellion by getting rid of all the worlds related to it. Thinking thoughts, which was called Thoughtcrime, was illegal, and was the worst of all the crimes. Winston was frustrated by the

Summary and Response to What Shamu Free Essays

She tries he usual ways to change him, such as counseling and a lot of nagging, but she soon resigns herself to the fact that these tactics are not going to work. While on a trip to California to research a school for exotic animal trainers, Sutherland studied the techniques students were using, such as â€Å"approximation†: rewarding the small steps toward learning a whole new behavior, â€Å"least reinforcing syndrome†: not responding in any way to bad behavior, and â€Å"incompatible behaviors†: a behavior that makes the undesirable behavior impossible. Soon she realized that these same quenches may very well work on her husband. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary and Response to What Shamu or any similar topic only for you Order Now After years of secretly training her husband with these techniques, she is pleased to tell readers that his behavior and their marriage are both much improved. I enjoyed reading Sutherland essay for the humor she uses in her writing. I particularly enjoy the way she refers to her husband as â€Å"the American husband† and â€Å"my animal†, as if he is some other species in need of training in order to make a good pet. I must admit that even though I found the humor in this read, I found the whole idea of training your husband as you loud an animal to be complete nonsense. Did she write this piece as a joke? Retainer hope so, because if she meant for it to be serious and she actually tried this training on her husband, she has entirely too much time on her hands. Sutherland says â€Å"l began thanking Scott if he threw one dirty shirt into the hamper. If he threw in two, I’d kiss him. Meanwhile, I would Step over any soiled clothes on the floor without one sharp word, though did sometimes kick them under the bed. But as he basked in my appreciation, the piles became smaller† (251 I have a suggestion for you Mrs.. Sutherland, how bout you just ask, or tell if you have to, your husband to pick up his clothes. If he still doesn’t honor your wishes, throw his clothes away each time you find them on the floor. This type obtaining usually works well. Call it the â€Å"toss clothes method†. No need for â€Å"approximations† here. If you would like to cook dinner without him hovering over you, how about you just tell him so. If this doesn’t work, stop cooking him dinner. Would bet he figures out real quick that he shouldn’t hover over you anymore. This is referred to as the â€Å"no din-din technique†. Who needs â€Å"incompatible behaviors† anyway? One more IP for you Mrs.. How to cite Summary and Response to What Shamu, Papers

Capital Gains Tax Concept of Ordinary Income

Question: Describe about the Capital Gains Tax for Concept of Ordinary Income. Answer: 1. First of all, we need to understand what the actual scenario is about this case. A girl named Peta owns a land in Kew which includes two tennis courts at the back, and she thought of making a house for her family there for a better living. Meanwhile, she got an offer from one of the tennis clubs next door which demanded the land for an amount of 600,000$ with a condition that it should get renovated first. In the present tax year, the social club adjacent offered to purchase the old tennis courts, however if Peta initially renovates them before selling. Peta chose to acknowledge the club's offer rather than proceeding with her arrangement to build her own house. Peta spent $100,000 on setting up the tennis courts available to be purchased. A lot of work has to be done in order to improve the condition of the tennis courts. Peta needed to restore the tennis courts and manufacture new fences around them. She then sold the tennis courts in the present expense year to the social club for $600,000. In Australia, there is a concept of ordinary income. People are often confused that whether the amount they are earning comes/lies under ordinary income or not. (Akhtar 2015) What is meant by ordinary income? Any amount from direct or indirect source is ordinary income. It can consist ofincome from wages, salaries, tips, commissions, bonuses, and other types of compensation from employment, interest, dividends, or income earned from a sole proprietorship, partnership or LLC. (Argente Garcia 2015) There are numerous cases in which the people claim that their income is ordinary or not so the court decided that the amount earned in following circumstances would lie under ordinary income and tax would be imposed on that amount. There are three components of ordinary income. Income from doing any labor work (e.g. salary and wages) Income from any land or property (e.g. rent, dividends, interest) Income from running a business on your own or a partnership (e.g. Retail sales, farming) (Barkoczy 2016) Peta bought the land in Kew where she thought of living with her family once she builds the three unit house or she would sell it on profit. She bought two tennis courts to construct her house on but the tennis court next to her door offered her to sell that land at a price of 600,000$ but only on one condition that she has to renovate it and for that, Peta had to face the expenditure of 100,000$. Peta had to resurface the tennis courts and build new fences around them. She then sold the tennis courts in the current tax year to the tennis club for $600,000. So, excluding the amount she spends for renovation (100,000$), she would earn 500,000$ as a profit. According to income tax assessment act 1997 sec 6.5, the source of the salary matters with a specific end goal to see whether it falls under the customary income or not! (Gyourko Sinai 2003) The law is somewhat distinctive for the individuals who are not the inhabitants of the Australia but rather as in the present situation where Peta is living with her family in the house, the sum she got from the social club is the customary wage. (Hegemann et al. 2015) In this way, it can be ordered and dealt in regards to the fact that there are excessively numerous ambiguities with regards to the appraisal of the customary wage. It doesn't make a difference whether you are getting the sum straightforwardly or in a roundabout way, the amount which is linked to an Australian source would fall under the ordinary income. (Knoll 2008) Peta got the sum straightforwardly from the tennis court which was claimed by her so for this situation, the receipt of 600, 000$ is unadulterated standard pay for Peta in the wage year. The law itself clearly explains the concept of ordinary income under some particular conditions and limitations. For example, if someone is being paid even through a salary, then it also lies under the category of ordinary income. Moreover, the purpose of this law is to impose the tax on those amounts which are coming from any direct and indirect source while you are the resident of Australia. As she is the owner of that land and residing in Australia and going to sell it then it quite clear she is liable for paying the tax and the amount she is earning is ordinary income. The amount which is being provided by the tennis club to Peta is the direct source of money for her. Therefore, the receipt of 600, 000$ is the ordinary income for Peta. Loss or profit as nothing to do with the ordinary income because what matters is the source of the income. (Zhou 2013) 2: ABC Pty Ltd. is a company where Alan and other 20 people are working. ABC gives the following remuneration package with ABC: Salary of $300,000; Payment of Alan's mobile phone bill ($220 per month, including GST). Alan is under a two-year contract whereby he is required to pay a fixed sum each month for unlimited usage of his phone. Alan uses the phone for work-related purposes only; Payment of Alan's children's school fees ($20,000 per year). The school fees are GST free. ABC also provided Alan with the latest mobile phone handset, which cost $2,000 (including GST). At the end of the year, ABC hosted a dinner at a local Thai restaurant for all 20 employees and their partners. The total cost of the dinner was $6,600 including GST. Any firm or organization in Australia has to pay FBT (fringe benefits tax) if it provides non cash benefits to its employees for example Free petrol Free medical services Free phone call credit and such other stuff like this (Morse Deutsch 2016) In short, thefringe benefits tax(FBT) is ataxapplied to the Australiantaxsystem by the AustralianTaxation Office. Thistaxis imposed only on non-cash benefits that an employer provides to employees "in respect of employment." The benefits provided to employees vary as mentioned in the scenario. The case is about how FBT gets affected and what are the possibilities a company can improve FBT amount at the end of the financial year? Fringe benefits tax would be taken care of under different conditions, and it has different variables for each country as per their laws and regulations. Fringe Benefits Tax is one of those taxes which have to report at the end of the financial year. In this case, Alan is getting a salary of 300, 000$ monthly with some of the other non-payment benefits like his phone bill is being paid by the ABC Pty Ltd which is about 220$ per month. Plus, the company also gave a phone to Alan at a price of 2000$. Lastly, the company is also paying his childrens school fee w hich is 20,000$ per year. Plus, the company also arranged an annual dinner for all the 20 employees at an expenditure of 6600$. Now, the problem which the company might face according to the conditions of FBT includes some of the following: If a company gives benefits to the employee which increases the amount of 2000$ from April 1 to 31 March, then the company has to pay FBT on those benefits. In this scenario, the company is already giving benefits to Alan which is more than the amount of 2000$ annually. We can calculate it: Cost of mobile phone: 2000$ Cost of dinner for Alan: 330$ Cost of dinner for 20 employees: 6600$ Annual fringe benefits cost: 2640 + 2000 + 6600 Total = 11, 240$ It shows that higher than the threshold value set by FBT and the company is liable to pay the tax on the benefits (Schneider 2013) so, The amount for the school fee of Alans children is not included in the calculation for the FBT because it does not hold GST in it. Therefore, company has to pay the FBT amount in the month of the June because anything exclusive of GST does not include in FBT after showing the annual report of each employee to FBT department or in where it should be checked. (Shields North-Samardzic 2015) The expenditure of the company has been affected by a large number of employees because if only five employees were invited to the dinner then, the total cost for dinner would have been quite less than this! If ABC only has five employees, then the expenses of the dinner would have been quite less than in the present case. For five employees, the cost for the dinner would be 1650$ which is quite less than 6600$ so, similarly, GST would also get reduced by a certain amount. If the company invites annually to its clients as well, then the FBT amount will increase because of the increase in the total amount which includes GST in it. (Vobbmerbumer 2013) The more the amount of GST, the higher will be the FBT amount which company has to pay. (Soled Thomas 2016) So, fringe benefits tax is a totally different type of tax which is imposed on the company by the benefits offered to its employees. It would affect the company a lot and ABCs consequences would be worst. References Akhtar, S.J., 2015. Capital Gains Tax in Theory and Practice.VISION: Journal of Indian Taxation,1(1). Argente, D. and Garca, J.L., 2015. The price of fringe benefits when formal and informal labor markets coexist.IZA Journal of Labor Economics,4(1), p.1. Barkoczy, S., 2016. Core tax legislation and study guide.OUP Catalogue. Gyourko, J. and Sinai, T., 2003. The spatial distribution of housingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ related ordinary income tax benefits.Real Estate Economics,31(4), pp.527-575. Hegemann, A., Kunoth, A., Rupp, K. and Sureth, C., 2015.Impact of capital gains taxation on the holding period of investments under different tax systems(No. 183). arqus-Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre. Knoll, M.S., 2008. The taxation of private equity carried interests: estimating the revenue effects of taxing profit interests as ordinary income. Morse, S.C. and Deutsch, R., 2016. Tax Anti-Avoidance Law in Australia and the United States. Schneider, K.N., 2013. Soften the blow by providing tax-free fringe benefits to terminated employees.Journal of Legal Issues and Cases in Business,2, p.0_1. Shields, J. and North-Samardzic, A., 2015. 10 Employee benefits.Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies, p.218. Soled, J.A. and Thomas, K.D., 2016. [91WashLRev0761] Revisiting the Taxation of Fringe Benefits. Vobbmerbumer, J., 2013. Incentive effects and the income tax treatment of employer-provided workplace benefits.Review of Managerial Science,7(1), pp.61-84. Zhou, M., 2013. The Tax Disadvantage Of Ordinary Income: An Event Study On The Legislative Process Of JGTRRA.Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR),29(4), pp.1003-1010